TOURISM TRANSITION DESIGN
The first attempt to define “overtourism” was in August 2016, in an article from Rafat Ali entitled “Foreword: the coming perils of overtourism”(Dickinson, 2018). Edinburgh has been named one of the world’s most serious ‘over-tourism hotspots'(Ferguson, 2019). There is no denying that tourism has boosted Edinburgh’s economy, but it has also caused problems, such as overcrowding in the city centre, damage to the environmental heritage, a poor tourist experience, and a negative impact on the lives of residents. This project addresses how to reduce the negative impact on the environment, society, and economy from over-tourism through transition design and explores the pathway of sustainable tourism.
Based on art space research on over-tourism in Edinburgh, lack of management is the key factor resulting in these issues, especially the festival in August. Changing the installation can directly affect people’s behaviour. So, the transition design of this project uses the existing transport system by distributing and designing a new form for the festival show to attract people to explore places other than the city centre. Furthermore, this transition design proposal might raise awareness of over-tourism and sustainable tourism.
INTRODUCTION
Double faces of Edinburgh
The design ideas were constructed based on the analysis and definition of the problem, and since the primary reason for the negative impacts of over-tourism in Edinburgh is the lack of management of the festival and tourism industry in the city, the design ideas were constructed based solely on these analyses and definitions. A final design proposal is based on the concept of sustainability that will form the basis for the re-management of fringe festivals and transitional design through the use of Edinburgh’s existing transportation system as a means of distributing street art performances outside the city centre, and by guiding tourists to explore Edinburgh actively. In addition, it encourages visitors to take an active part in exploring other parts of the city and finding out about its sights and stories.
Edinburgh’s ‘over-tourism’ challenge illustrates the complex interaction between a city’s cultural heritage, its residents, and the influx of tourists. This essay aims to contribute to a more harmonious coexistence between Edinburgh and its visitors by shedding light on the magnitude of this issue, advocating for sustainable tourism practices, and exploring innovative solutions through Transition Design. The concept of sustainability in tourism is more than just a theoretical concept. it is a practical approach to ensuring the future prosperity of this historic city.
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
To drive the design process, the research will use qualitative research and the double diamond design model as the basis of its methodology. To collect data, the main focus will be on the case study of transition design, walking through Edinburgh in order to find the potential points in Edinburgh’s transition design, and finally focusing on the problem of over-tourism in Edinburgh within the context of this study. To analyse the negative impact of over-tourism on the city, we mainly used the re-framing present & future method in the transition design method, which involves re-framing the present & future.
How do residents and visitors to Edinburgh perceive the city?
Why is this problem occurring?
What are the factors contributing to it?
As well as the opportunities for a sustainable transformation of the tourism industry.
Mapping the problem related to transition.
In the UK, Edinburgh is one of the most important tourist destinations, and this is primarily due to the fact that at the height of the tourist season, Edinburgh is one of the busiest places in the world. Is this a good thing or a bad thing? In light of this thought, I became interested in finding out more about Edinburgh’s tourism industry. Does Edinburgh’s tourism industry need to change in order to make it more competitive? I decided to focus my Transition Design project on Edinburgh’s tourism industry since this is the industry that I am most passionate about.
Case study
After reading the literature to support my understanding of Transition Design at a theoretical level, I realised that the literature I had read was only from other scholars’ research and textual conceptualisations, but what does a real transition design project look like? If I start a transition design project, what kind of transition design can I do for life, society or the world?
I found a website called Transition Network, which is a collection of transition organisations and projects from all over the world, and this website helped me a lot with my preliminary research. I searched for transition organisations in Edinburgh and focused on ‘Transition Edinburgh South’ and ‘Portobello Transition Town‘ as case studies.
In terms of food, energy, transportation, and lifestyle, transition design covers a wide range of topics, and the society we are living in today really needs to be transformed by transition design in terms of food, energy, transport, and lifestyle. Despite this, due to time and resource constraints, it is likely that it is more beneficial to choose a small intervention point to advance my project. Therefore, I have used the previous research data as a starting point for brainstorming, field research, and identifying opportunities to advance my project. Since this is a transition design for an area of the city, I must experience and discover what it is like in the city and what the people living in the city are like at the moment since this is a transition design for Edinburgh. During the first semester, I had the opportunity to learn about and experience a methodology known as walking through the city, which I learned about and experienced during my Designing for the Environment course, which is characterised by a concern for the present and for ourselves in the present. Through the displacement of the gaze while walking, it is possible to create an experience that is not only a passive one, but it is also a way of finding new perspectives that is driven by the displacement of the gaze while walking (Masschelein, 2010). It was a walk through Edinburgh’s city centre that I chose as a way of focusing on the city, and I felt that the moment I walked through the center of the city, I felt a different dimension of time emerging around me. There was a sense of quiet, coldness in Edinburgh in November 2022, when I walked through the city for the last time in 2022. During the month of July/August, Edinburgh is so hot and steamy that it is hard to move around the city center, both on the street and on the buses, due to the heat and humidity.
Problem Analysis
Over-tourism of Edinburgh
You may already have noticed the wave of tourism that has been sweeping through Edinburgh in July/August, and this has been discussed extensively in the media and by city residents. Kevin’s opinion in the Edinburgh Evening News on 29th July 2023 said “City centre is an accident waiting to happen. Local residents and tourists alike say they have never seen the city centre so busy. Spaces that were supposed to be open were clogged by bands playing regularly at the festival, and people struggled to get through the crowds on Princes Street (Buckle, 2023). Before Edinburgh was named one of the world’s most problematic ‘over-tourism hotspots’ by Brian in 2019, Edinburgh’s August troubles also attracted press attention from other countries. Edinburgh overnight visitors jumped by a third to 4.26 million in seven years. Although the city council has also tried to tackle the problem by introducing a tourist tax and a regulatory regime for short-term lettings, this has not had a significant effect (Ferguson, 2019). Over-tourism in Edinburgh has overcrowded the historic centre, locals complain about the August festivals and are frustrated that the city does not serve its citizens. In contrast, the 2020 epidemic has restored Edinburgh to its original mystical colours, a city without the crowds, with a solitary beauty and vitality, only then can we see our city through the eyes of a tourist (Ross, 2020). Edinburgh’s over-tourism situation is therefore a very difficult issue. Edinburgh’s tourism industry needs change.
Impact of Tourism in Edinburgh
It has been recognized that tourism is a key driver of economic recovery and growth, and tourism is the largest exhibition industry driving economic growth in Edinburgh, with visitor numbers continuing to grow year after year in this vibrant city. Tourism has been recognized as a key driver of economic recovery and growth (Koens, Postma and Papp, 2018). There have been a lot of benefits brought to Edinburgh and Scotland as a whole as a result of this (Ferguson, 2019). Due to the fact that this growth has exceeded the capacity of the city, over- tourism has resulted in a negative impact on the city.
Environmental issues
Present:
- Litter and waste collection services were struggling.
- The streets are full of rubbish.
- The grass needs time to recover.
Future:
- Tourists are aware of the need to protect heritage and the environment.
- A clean and tidy city.
- Sanitation workers can be motivated to work.
Social issues
Present:
- Noisy and crowds have affected people who live here.
- People who live here complain about tourists and are against with them.
- Fringe festivals and international festivals cause a huge increased number of tourists in August.
Future:
- Do not affect residents’ life.
- Revenues from tourism can benefit cities and locals.
Economic issues
Present:
- Increasing living expenses during summer.
- Accommodation prices are ridiculous.
- People cannot find a place to live in the city, and they have to move to the edge of the city.
- Bad touring experience.
Future:
- Accommodation for tourists is regulated.
- Living expenses as usual.
- Good experience touring.
Infrastructure issues
Present:
- Tables of buses unable to run to the timetable.
- Taxis and buses cannot access the city centre.
- Crowd stays interfere with normal business operations.
Future:
- The normal flow of tourists.
- Regular operation of transport facilities.
- Sustainability
Problem Identified
After making the problem map, which clearly shows us how over-tourism negatively impacts the environment, social, economic, and infrastructure. The main causes of these problems can be summarized as follows in terms of their main causes:
Lack of management on festivals and tourism.
Increasing the number of tourists.
All the people on the street caused a blockage.
The show attracts them to stop at one place.
Poor visual distinction between footpaths and traffic roads.
Lack of awareness to protect heritage and the environment.
There are no strict penalties when they destroy the environment.
Tourism season increases social workloads such as sanitation workers.
Too much freedom for the festival show.
Street performers block otherwise open spaces.
The domination of gift and souvenir shops, a loss of local character, dwindling numbers of Permanent residents and over-commercialisation.
There are some successful practices from other countries on the road to sustainable tourism development that can be adopted by other cities, such as:
Santorini (Greece)
- Limiting the number of one-day cruise visitors.
Copenhagen (Denmark)
- a quite aggressive redistribution strategy.
- spreading tourists across the city.
- prohibits the establishment of new restaurants in parts of the city.
Vilnius (Lithuania)
- Equipped with maps and multi-language info packs.
- Utilising volunteers.
- A mobile tourism App.
- A network of small tourism information centres spread around(alternative)places to
- visit.
Typically, they are interventions in the form of policies, rules, infrastructure, tourism management, and so on. An effective way for designers to find inspiration and guidance is to learn from and analyze successful cases that have been successfully implemented. In spite of this, these interventions are practical and tailored to the current characteristics of the city itself, so they may not necessarily be applicable to Edinburgh as they are practical and tailored to its current characteristics. Considering this, what are some of the interventions that can be made in order to design a transition to sustainable tourism in Edinburgh?
Design Development
Design Blueprint
My research and definition of over-tourism in Edinburgh led me to the decision that I would use the management of Edinburgh’s festivals in August as a point of intervention to practice transition design for sustainable tourism in Edinburgh, following the research and definition of over-tourism in the city. It is festival season in Edinburgh in August, with the two main festivals, the International Festival of the Arts and the Fringe Festival, attracting large numbers of tourists and putting an enormous strain on the infrastructure of the city. It is the city’s over-tourism woes in August that are concentrated in the city centre, with street performances clogging up the city’s roads with tourists, increasing the city’s cleaning workload and having a profound impact on the lives of the residents. In large part, this can be attributed to poorly planned and managed festivals and events, as well as poor organization. Thus, my blueprint will take into consideration two points in order to be effective.
- It would be necessary to re-plan the placement of the street performances in order to take advantage of the existing transportation system in order to disperse the visitors throughout the city.
- This is an opportunity to introduce Edinburgh to people in a way that uses the heat of the festivals to suggest places to explore outside of the centre of the city.
Process of Design Development
After choosing to intervene from an Edinburgh Festival management perspective, I used three methods to construct my design: Desk Research, Field Research/Role Change, and Brainstorming/What if?
Desk Research
I used desk research to gain insight into the placement of Edinburgh’s festivals and the discussions people have had online about their feelings about them. I narrowed down my design’s scope once again to the Fringe as an example of an innovative management scheme. This is because most of the pressure on the city centre comes from Fringe’s street artists. From the Fringe’s website, the street art events will run from the 06th to the 26th of August, starting at 10 am every day, with daily events, times and locations updated on the website. “The main event areas are right in the heart of Edinburgh – the High Street / Royal Mile (from Cockburn Street to George IV Bridge), Hunter Square and the Mall of Edinburgh. ), Hunter Square and the Mound Precinct, off Princes Street” (Fringe et al., n.d.). Judging by the comments on the Internet, the Festival enriches the tourist experience and the lives of residents by offering a wide variety of artistic and cultural exchanges, but there is no denying that it also brings problems to the city and to the lives of the locals.
Field Research/Role Replacement
The process of reimagining the user’s experience in realistic scenarios to present empathic design opportunities (Hanington and Martin, 2019).” I travelled to the festival site as a tourist and resident, and the spectacle was like nothing I had ever seen in Edinburgh before. There were hundreds and hundreds of people swarming around every street artist, cheering them on as they performed, and those who tried to make their way through the crowds were just as helpless as I was, with the crowds taking over the bus lanes at times. On the official website of the festival, the street performances are primarily concentrated in the city centre, but when I took the bus to Leith, I felt as if I had crossed over to a quieter place. I have a very strong perception of the contrast between the noise of the city center and the silence along this side
of the city.
Brainstorming/What If
With the help of brainstorming techniques and What If methods, I was able to come up with design ideas after experiencing the atmosphere of Edinburgh’s city centre first hand.
What if the show is moving?
What if the show is held at Leith?
What if the show is held at one more open and emptier place?
What if strengthening the regulation of arts festivals?
What if there is a stage on the bus?
What if to show performances through projections?
Reasons for Design Decisions
I chose two design ideas and took them to the next level of detailing.
The show is moving:
The reason for choosing this design idea is that when the street art show is moving, it can avoid congestion due to the large number of tourists stopping at the show, re-route the show to locations that do not interfere with the city’s traffic, and even make better use of the city’s transport system to attract tourists to attractions outside of the city centre, thus achieving a sustainable transformation of Edinburgh’s tourism. What if the show is held at one of the city’s most popular venues?
What would happen if the show were to be held in a more open and empty place?
This design idea was chosen since it was easier and more convenient to manage all the shows in one place if the space were more open and empty. The number of attendees can be controlled through tickets, while litter and environmental damage to the festival site can be cleaned up timely and controlled. A centralised management and monitoring approach to promote a sustainable tourism transition.
Design Proposal
Design Case A
My first idea was to design show vans that stop at specific locations and times along a predetermined route. The official website will provide information on where and when the show will stop so that those interested in watching the show or observing the car will be able to find out where and when the show will stop. Not only will the stops be located within the city centre, but they will be dispersed throughout the city. Moreover, this will serve to guide visitors to other parts of the city, such as Leith, in order to learn more about the history of the city.
There are still questions to be answered regarding the design, such as whether a large number of tourists following the bus would cause chaos. Nevertheless, this scheme has the potential to intervene directly and make a difference, reducing the pressure on tourist numbers in the city centre while encouraging tourists to discover the beauty and stories of other parts of the city. As a result, I decided to iteratively upgrade this scenario to the final version.
I received helpful advice from my mentor Craig regarding my design ideas. In order to make better use of the city’s transport system, I replaced the original idea of a show van performance with a performance on the tram, which would make better use of the existing Edinburgh Tram route. Street artists who stayed in the open spaces around each stop marked each stop. Since the festival usually lasts for approximately twenty days, I had the idea of creating a show map, which could be in the form of a card or booklet, containing information about Edinburgh, the route of the tram, the stops, the time and name of the performances, as well as their locations. The visitor has the opportunity and time to view the sights in the vicinity of the performances, particularly with recommendations of places to visit. Cards and brochures are available for free at railway stations, airports, supermarkets, and other public locations. Additionally, the cards and brochures make excellent souvenirs at the end of the festival.
FINAL DESIGN
Design Case B
The programme is designed to be sited in an open space, such as Holyrood Park. In this marketplace, all street art performances are brought together.
Promotion:
Our official website, apps, and street advertisements will be used to promote the fringe festival. In spite of this, Edinburgh has lost its original colour due to a large number of street advertisements. Therefore, I have prepared a performance booklet that contains information about the performance, time, location, and a QR code that can be scanned to book tickets or navigate around the city.
Management:
- The venue map will provide information regarding the stage plan, the food track, rules, and bins and bins.
- Tickets are used to control the number of spectators.
- Recruiting paid volunteers
- In the event of vandalism, fines will be imposed.
- After the performance, the venue should be cleaned and restored.
Although this is a preliminary concept, it is highly practical. Many event organizers have already implemented this design management scheme, such as the Edinburgh Christmas Fair. This is the reason I did not choose to use it due to its routine nature. To drive change in Edinburgh’s tourism industry, I would like to see more use of sustainable design methods.
Reflection
Limitation/Challenge
Despite the fact that this project explored the design of transitions for sustainable tourism, a number of challenges and limitations were encountered throughout its development.
There is a lack of strong stakeholder relationships:
A study was conducted to examine the impacts of over-tourism on residents and tourists and how transition design can be used to develop sustainable tourism to minimise the negative impacts on residents and cities. It is important to note that stakeholders in sustainable tourism include governments, tourism administrations, tourism organizations, and so on. The study was not able to contact these stakeholders due to time and resource constraints. Nonetheless, if there is an opportunity to study this project further, future research will strengthen the linkages with the integrated stakeholders and utilize the collective wisdom of the stakeholders to improve the project design.
Practice opportunities are limited:
Due to the limited time and opportunity available to us as students to work on a research project about a complex and difficult issue, the output of the project design is merely a design proposal, which requires further testing and practice. Future research on this project will seek opportunities to collaborate with stakeholders to present design solutions to them for practical implementation in the field.
The lack of diversity in research data
A majority of the data for this study was obtained through secondary research, case studies, walking, and field research. Most of the data to support the project is derived from designers’ empathy for the problem and from published reports. In the area of co-design with stakeholders, there is a lack of data. While not all design projects are suitable for workshop and co-design methodologies, I believe the outputs of future research would be more objective and persuasive if street artists and festival managers were involved.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the purpose of this study is to raise awareness regarding the seriousness of Edinburgh’s ‘over-tourism’ problem, to emphasise the importance of sustainable tourism development, and finally, to promote the development of sustainable tourism in Edinburgh through the intervention of Transition Design in order to resolve this problem. There is a clear distinction between Transition Design, Service Design, and Transformational Design that is made in the article as a means of defining and understanding Transition Design. The transition design approach is a novel approach to solving society’s complex and wicked problems by combining a variety of disciplinary approaches. It is centred on sustainability, emphasises stakeholder participation in projects, and combines multiple approaches to design. In an effort to uncover the extent and scope of over-tourism in Edinburgh and the negative impacts it has on the city and society, this project uses a multi-method approach to identify the extent and scope of over-tourism in Edinburgh, along with the negative impacts it has on the city and society. Also, the report highlights the urgent need for Edinburgh’s tourism industry to move towards sustainability in order to thrive. The study concluded that the main reason for the negative impact of over-tourism on the city was the lack of management of the festival and the tourism industry, so the final design solution for the project was to use Edinburgh’s existing transport system in order to disperse the street art performances throughout the city, thereby using Edinburgh’s existing transport system. The design of the space also allows people to explore Edinburgh’s story beyond the city centre, thereby reducing the pressure on the city’s visitor numbers and allowing them to spend more time exploring the city’s story beyond the city centre. It is undeniable that the project suffers from three limitations as a result of the lack of stakeholder engagement, the limited opportunities for practice, and the lack of diversity in the research data. However, the purpose of this study is to enhance the application of sustainable tourism to transition design research, as well as to propose sustainable design solutions for the Edinburgh Festival and the tourism industry as a whole.
Bibliography
Audet, R. (2014). The double hermeneutic of sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 11, pp.46–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2014.02.001.
Bilgin, Y. (2017). Qualitative Method Versus Quantitative Method in Marketing Research: An Application Example at Oba Restaurant. [online] www.intechopen.com. IntechOpen. Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54613.
Buckle, K. (2023). City centre is an accident waiting to happen – Kevin Buckle. Edinburgh Evening News. [online] 29 Jul. Available at: https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/city-centre-is-an-accident-waiting-to-happen-kevin-buckle-4235314.
Burns, C., Cottam, H., Vanstone, C., & Winhall, J. (2006). RED paper 02: Transformation design. London: Design Council.
CMU (n.d.). Transition Design Seminar CMU – Syllabus and Course Schedule for the Transition Design 2 Seminar. [online] Available at: https://transitiondesignseminarcmu.net/.
Design Council (2023). Framework for Innovation – Design Council. [online] www.designcouncil.org.uk. Available at: https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-resources/framework-for-innovation/.
Directorate-General for Internal Market, I. (2022). Transition pathway for tourism. [online] Publications Office of the European Union. LU: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/404a8144-8892-11ec-8c40-01aa75ed71a1.
Eduard Cristobal-Fransi, Natalia Daries Ramón, Ferrer-Rosell, B., Marine-Roig, E., Martin-Fuentes, E. and Mdpi (2020). Sustainable Tourism Marketing. Basel Mdpi.
Faure, MG, Supasti, DNK, & Budi, AIM (eds) 2014, Sustainable Tourism and Law, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [17 August 2023].
Ferguson, B. (2019). Edinburgh named one of the world’s most serious ‘overtourism hotspots’. [online] THE SCOTSMAN. Available at: https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/edinburgh-festivals/edinburgh-named-one-of-the-worlds-most-serious-overtourism-hotspots-544625.
Fringe, F., Edinburgh, Eh1 1qs and Kingdom +44131 226 0026, U. (n.d.). Fringe street events. [online] Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Available at: https://www.edfringe.com/experience/how-to-plan/street-events.
Geels, F.W. and Schot, J. (2007). Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways. Research Policy, 36(3), pp.399–417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003.
Gillham, B. (2000). Case study research methods. London [Etc.] Continuum.
Hanington, B. and Martin, B. (2019). Universal Methods Of Design. S.L.: Rockport Publishers.
Hölscher, K., Wittmayer, J.M. and Loorbach, D. (2018). Transition versus transformation: What’s the difference? Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 27, pp.1–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.10.007.
Hopkins, Rob 2008. The Transition Town Handbook: From Oil Dependency to Local Resilience. White River Junction: Chelsea Green.
IRWIN, T. (2018). The Emerging Transition Design Approach. DRS2018: Catalyst. [online] doi:https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2018.210.
Irwin, T. (2015). Transition Design: A Proposal for a New Area of Design Practice, Study, and Research. Design and Culture, 7(2), pp.229–246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17547075.2015.1051829.
Irwin, T. (2018) The Emerging Transition Design Approach, in Storni, C., Leahy, K., McMahon, M., Lloyd, P. and Bohemia, E. (eds.), Designasacatalystforchange-DRSInternationalConference2018, 25-28 June, Limerick, Ireland. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2018.210
Irwin, T., Kossoff, G. and Tonkinwise, C. (2015). Transition Design Provocation. Design Philosophy Papers, 13(1), pp.3–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14487136.2015.1085688.
Irwin, T., Kossoff, G., Tonkinwise, C. and Scupelli, P. (2015). Transition Design 2015. [online] Available at: https://design.cmu.edu/sites/default/files/Transition_Design_Monograph_final.pdf.
Koens, K., Postma, A. and Papp, B. (2018). Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context. Sustainability, [online] 10(12), p.4384. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384.
Loorbach, D., Frantzeskaki, N. and Avelino, F. (2017). Sustainability Transitions Research: Transforming Science and Practice for Societal Change. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42(1), pp.599–626. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021340.
Masschelein, J. (2010). E-ducating the gaze: the idea of a poor pedagogy. Ethics and Education, 5(1), pp.43–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17449641003590621.
Mollison, Bill 1988. Permaculture: A Designer’s Manual. Tyalgum: Tagari.
Portobello Transition Town (2005). About PEDAL | PEDAL – Portobello Transition TownPEDAL – Portobello Transition Town. [online] Portobello Transition Town. Available at: https://www.pedal-porty.org.uk/what-is-pedal/ [Accessed 15 Aug. 2023].
Ross, P. (2020). ‘With Edinburgh empty, we’re seeing our city through tourists’ eyes’. The Guardian. [online] 12 Jul. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/jul/12/edinburgh-empty-novelist-ian-rankin-locals-see-city-through-tourists-eyes.
Rotmans, J., Kemp, R. and van Asselt, M. (2001). More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy. Foresight, 3(1), pp.15–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680110803003.
Sangiorgi, D. (2011). Transformative services and transformation design. International Journal of Design, 5(2), 29-40.
Séraphin, H. et al. (eds.) (2020) Overtourism Causes, Implications and Solutions / edited by Hugues Séraphin, Tatiana Gladkikh, Tan Vo Thanh. 1st ed. 2020. [Online]. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research. Los Angeles: Sage.
Smith, P.B. and Max-Neef, M.A. (2011). Economics unmasked : from power and greed to compassion and the common good. Totnes, Devon, Uk: Green Books.
Speth, J.G. (1992). The transition to a sustainable society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 89(3), pp.870–872. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.3.870.
Transition Edinburgh South (n.d.). Transition Edinburgh South – Transition Edinburgh South. [online] Transition Edinburgh South at Gracemount Community Garden. Available at: https://www.transitionedinburghsouth.org.uk/ [Accessed 15 Aug. 2023].